Place a chunk of the clear mineral called Iceland spar on top of an image and suddenly you’ll see double, thanks to a phenomenon called double refraction—a result of the material’s optical anisotropy. Beyond just a nifty trick, materials with optical anisotropy are vital for a variety of devices such as lasers, LCD screens, lens filters or microscopes.
Mikhail Kats (right) and Jad Salman (left), holding a sample of the light-splitting mineral calcite. Photo: Sam Million-Weaver.
Now, a team of scientists and engineers led by the University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Southern California have created a crystal that has a higher degree of optical anisotropy than all other solid substances on earth—especially for light in the infrared region of the spectrum. They described the new material in a paper published June 18, 2018, in the research journal Nature Photonics.
“The optical anisotropy is enormous, making the material promising for a range of optics applications” says Mikhail Kats, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at UW-Madison and one of the senior authors on the paper.
One especially promising use for the new crystal could be imaging and other types remote sensing using the mid-infrared transparency window—an especially important range of wavelengths that penetrate Earth’s atmosphere.
“This class of materials and this approach has a lot of potential,” says Jayakanth Ravichandran, an assistant professor of chemical engineering and materials science and electrical engineering-electrophysics at USC, and a senior author. “We designed the material, made it, and saw a huge effect.”
The new crystal has roughly 10 times greater optical birefringence—a metric of anisotropy—for mid-infrared light than has ever been measured before. That spectacular light-splitting ability comes from a unique molecular structure consisting of long chains of atoms arranged in parallel rows.
Calcite splits light due to a property called birefringence, causing a double image. Photo: Sam Million-Weaver.
Using advanced computational methods, the researchers carefully selected rows of atoms, precisely grew them in the lab, and meticulously studied them—a team effort involving researchers at multiple institutions with varied expertise.
“This is a big success for collaborative science,” says Kats, who led the optical measurements, along with Professor Han Wang of USC Electrical Engineering, while Ravichandran synthesized the material. “The wide array of knowledge and capabilities across our team enabled this breakthrough.”
Optical anisotropy is the tendency of some materials to alter light’s progress through them differently depending on how the beams are traveling. Light slows down by predictable amounts when it passes through different materials, which is why beams bend when they transition between the air and substances like water or glass.
That light bending is called refraction, and it’s part of what gives diamonds their sparkle.
Light waves in the same beam traveling through a material with optical anisotropy will slow down more or less depending on a property called polarization—a measure of the direction in which waves vibrate.
Human eyes cannot see polarization on their own, but the ability to alter the vibrational orientation of light is essential for LCD screens, 3D movies, lasers, and lens filters. Most devices that change light’s polarization rely on materials with optical anisotropy.
The new material might also be useful in energy-harvesting photovoltaic cells or light-emitting diodes. In the future, the researchers plan to explore other properties of the new material as they also work to develop strategies to synthesize it in large quantities.
The scientists are filing a patent on the material through USC and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation at UW-Madison. Other collaborators included scientists at the University of Missouri and the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
The work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-16-1-0335 and FA9550-15RXCOR198), the Link Foundation Energy Fellowship, the Office of Naval Research (N00014-16-1-2556), the Army Research Office (W911NF-16-1-0435), the National Science Foundation (ECCS- 1653870), the Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences through the S3TEC EFRC (DE-SC0001299/DE- FG02-09ER46577), the Department of Energy (DE-FG02–07ER46376), and made use of facilities at Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis at University of Southern California and Irvine Materials Research Institute at University of California, Irvine.
An earlier version of this post stated that the new crystal’s birefringence was 50 to 100 times greater than any other material. The text has been updated with the correct value.